The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP)
The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) is a potential source of error that can affect spatial studies which utilize aggregate data sources. Spatial data is aggregated to present the results of a study in useful contexts, and to keep requirements of confidentiality (such as with census data). The process of aggregation removes variation from a dataset, reducing the amount of numbers to work with. A direct result of this is that values of statistics, such as the mean, variance, correlation, and regression parameters, will change when fewer number of larger units resolution are aggregated. The problem with aggregated data comes not with the data themselves or any conclusions drawn from them, but from attempts to extend the conclusions to another level of spatial resolution (usually finer, as with individual households or people). (Reynolds, 1998).
Bibliography
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Web Sources
- Bivand, R.: 1998: A review of spatial statistical techniques for location studies. Department of Geography, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration. http://www.nhh.no/geo/gib/gib1998/gib98-3/lund.pdf
- Klinkenberg, B., 2002: Laboratory: The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. Issues in GIS: Developing an understanding, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia. http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/geog470/labs/lab1_2004.pdf
- Klinkenberg, B., 2002: Spatial Stats I: The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. Graduate GIS Seminar, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/geog516/notes/MAUP_lecture.htm
- Oliver, L., 2001: Shifting Boundaries, Shifting Results: The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia http://www.geog.ubc.ca/courses/geog516/talks_2001/scale_maup.html
- Ratcliffe, J., 2005: The Modifiable Area Unit Problem. Temple University, Philadelphia. http://www.jratcliffe.net/research/maup.htm
- Reynolds, H. D., 1998: The Modifiable Area Unit Problem: Empirical Analysis By Statistical Simulation. Department of Geography, University of Toronto. http://www.badpets.net/Thesis/